地壳中含量最高的元素是氧,占约48.6% (质量百分比),其次是硅占约26.4%,其他超过百分之一的元素,含量排列依序为铝、铁、钙、钠、钾、镁。
地壳(qiào),是地质学专业术语,是指由岩石组成的固体外壳,地球固体圈层的最外层,岩石圈的重要组成部分,通过地震波的研究判断,地壳与地幔的界面为莫霍洛维奇不连续面(莫霍面)。
以下是地球地壳中的化学元素丰度的详细列表,其中包括 5 份不同资料来源(数据源1[1],2,3,4和5)得到的结果,此处的丰度以质量百分比的丰度为准。其中的数字是估计值,会随着资料来源及估计方式不同而改变。因此各元素丰度的大小关系只能作大致上的参考。
元素 | 化学符号 | 数据源1 | 数据源2 | 数据源3 | 数据源4 | 数据源5 | 年产量 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
氧 | O | 46.60% | 47.40% | 46% | 46.71% | 46.1% | 100,000,000 吨 |
硅 | Si | 27.72% | 27.71% | 27% | 27.69% | 28.2% | 3,880,000 吨 |
铝 | Al | 8.13% | 8.20% | 8.2% | 8.07% | 8.23% | 15,000,000 吨 |
铁 | Fe | 5.00% | 4.10% | 6.3% | 5.05% | 5.63% | 716,000,000 吨 |
钙 | Ca | 3.63% | 4.10% | 5.0% | 3.65% | 4.15% | 112,000,000 吨 (CaO) |
钠 | Na | 2.83% | 2.30% | 2.30% | 2.75% | 2.36% | 200,000 吨 |
钾 | K | 2.59% | 2.10% | 1.50% | 2.58% | 2.09% | 200 吨 |
镁 | Mg | 2.09% | 2.30% | 2.90% | 2.08% | 2.33% | 350,000 吨 |
钛 | Ti | 0.44% | 0.56% | 0.66% | 0.62% | 0.56% | 99,000 吨 |
氢 | H | 0.14% | N/A | 0.15% | 0.14% | 0.14% | |
磷 | P | 0.12% | 1000 ppm | 1000 ppm | 1300 ppm | 1050 ppm | 153,000,000 吨 |
锰 | Mn | 0.10% | 950 ppm | 1100 ppm | 900 ppm | 950 ppm | 6,220,000 吨 |
氟 | F | 0.08% | 950 ppm | 540 ppm | 290 ppm | 585 ppm | |
钡 | Ba | 500 ppm | 340 ppm | 500 ppm | 425 ppm | 6,000,000 吨 | |
碳 | C | 0.03% | 480 ppm(0.048%) | 1800 ppm(0.18%) | 940 ppm | 200 ppm(0.020%) | 8,600,000,000 吨 |
锶 | Sr | 370 ppm | 360 ppm | 370 ppm | 137,000 吨 | ||
硫 | S | 0.05% | 260 ppm | 420 ppm | 520 ppm | 350 ppm | 54,000,000 吨 |
锆 | Zr | 190 ppm | 130 ppm | 250 ppm | 165 ppm | 7,000 吨 | |
钨 | W | 160.6 ppm | 190 ppm | 125 ppm | 45,100 吨 | ||
钒 | V | 0.01% | 160 ppm | 190 ppm | 120 ppm | 7,000 吨 | |
氯 | Cl | 0.05% | 130 ppm | 170 ppm | 450 ppm | 145 ppm | |
铬 | Cr | 0.01% | 100 ppm | 140 ppm | 350 ppm | 102 ppm | 4,000,000 吨 |
铷 | Rb | 0.03% | 90 ppm | 60 ppm | 90 ppm | 只作研究用途 | |
镍 | Ni | 80 ppm | 90 ppm | 190 ppm | 84 ppm | 1,300,000 吨 | |
锌 | Zn | 痕量 | 75 ppm | 79 ppm | 70 ppm | 5,020,000 吨 | |
铜 | Cu | 0.01% | 50 ppm | 68 ppm | 60 ppm | 6,450,000 吨 | |
铈 | Ce | 68 ppm | 60 ppm | 66.5 ppm | 24,000 吨 | ||
钕 | Nd | 38 ppm | 33 ppm | 41.5 ppm | 7,300 吨 | ||
镧 | La | 32 ppm | 34 ppm | 39 ppm | 12,500 吨 | ||
钇 | Y | 30 ppm | 29 ppm | 33 ppm | 400 吨 | ||
氮 | N | 0.005% | 25 ppm | 20 ppm | 19 ppm | 44,000,000 吨 | |
钴 | Co | 痕量 | 20 ppm | 30 ppm | 25 ppm | 17,000 吨 | |
锂 | Li | 20 ppm | 17 ppm | 20 ppm | 39,000 吨 | ||
铌 | Nb | 20 ppm | 17 ppm | 20 ppm | 15,000 吨 | ||
镓 | Ga | 18 ppm | 19 ppm | 19 ppm | 30 吨 | ||
钪 | Sc | 16 ppm | 26 ppm | 22 ppm | 0.50 吨 | ||
铅 | Pb | 14 ppm | 10 ppm | 14 ppm | 2,800,000 吨 | ||
钐 | Sm | 7.9 ppm | 6 ppm | 7,05 ppm | 700 吨 | ||
钍 | Th | 12 ppm | 6 ppm | 9.6 ppm | 31,000 吨 | ||
镨 | Pr | 9.5 ppm | 8.7 ppm | 9.2 ppm | 2400 吨 | ||
硼 | B | 痕量 | 9.50 ppm | 8.7 ppm | 10 ppm | 1,000,000 吨 | |
钆 | Gd | 7.7 ppm | 5.2 ppm | 6.2 ppm | 400 吨 | ||
镝 | Dy | 6 ppm | 6.2 ppm | 5.2 ppm | 100 吨 | ||
铪 | Hf | 5.3 ppm | 3.3 ppm | 3.0 ppm | 50 吨 | ||
铒 | Er | 3.8 ppm | 3.0 ppm | 3.5 ppm | 500 吨 | ||
镱 | Yb | 3.3 ppm | 2.8 ppm | 3.2 ppm | 50 吨 | ||
铯 | Cs | 3 ppm | 1.9 ppm | 3 ppm | 20 吨 | ||
铍 | Be | 2.6 ppm | 1.9 ppm | 2.8 ppm | 364 吨 | ||
锡 | Sn | 痕量 | 2.2 ppm | 2.2 ppm | 2.3 ppm | 165,000 吨 | |
铕 | Eu | 2.1 ppm | 1.8 ppm | 2.0 ppm | 400 吨 | ||
铀 | U | 无 | 1.8 ppm | 2.7 ppm | |||
钽 | Ta | 2 ppm | 1.7 ppm | 2.0 ppm | 840 吨 | ||
锗 | Ge | 1.8 ppm | 1.4 ppm | 1.5 ppm | 80 吨 | ||
钼 | Mo | 痕量 | 1.5 ppm | 1.1 ppm | 1.2 ppm | 80,000 吨 | |
砷 | As | 1.5 ppm | 2.1 ppm | 1.8 ppm | 47,000 吨 | ||
钬 | Ho | 1.4 ppm | 1.2 ppm | 1.3 ppm | 10 吨 | ||
铽 | Tb | 1.1 ppm | 0.94 ppm | 1.2 ppm | 10 吨 | ||
铥 | Tm | 0.48 ppm | 0.45 ppm | 0.52 ppm | 50 吨 | ||
溴 | Br | 0.37 ppm | 3 ppm | 2.4 ppm | 330,000 吨 | ||
铊 | Tl | 0.6 ppm | 0.530 ppm | 0.850 ppm | 30 吨 | ||
锑 | Sb | 0.2 ppm | 0.2 ppm | 0.2 ppm | 53,000 吨 | ||
碘 | I | 痕量 | 0.14 ppm | 0.490 ppm | 0.450 ppm | 12,000 吨 | |
镉 | Cd | 0.11 ppm | 0.15 ppm | 0.15 ppm | 13,900 吨 | ||
银 | Ag | 0.070 ppm | 0.080 ppm | 0.075 ppm | 9950 吨 | ||
汞 | Hg | 0.05 ppm | 0.067 ppm | 0.085 ppm | 8400 吨 | ||
硒 | Se | 痕量 | 0.05 ppm | 0.05 ppm | 0.05 ppm | 600 吨 | |
铟 | In | 0.049 ppm | 0.160 ppm | 0.250 ppm | 75 吨 | ||
铋 | Bi | 0.048 ppm | 0.025 ppm | 0.0085 ppm | 6000 吨 | ||
碲 | Te | 0.005 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 215 吨 | ||
铂 | Pt | 0.003 ppm | 0.037 ppm | 0.005 ppm | 30 吨 | ||
金 | Au | 0.0011 ppm | 0.0031 ppm | 0.004 ppm | 1,400 吨 | ||
钌 | Ru | 0.001 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 0.12 吨 | ||
钯 | Pd | 0.0006 ppm | 0.0063 ppm | 0.015 ppm | 24 吨 | ||
铼 | Re | 0.0004 ppm | 0.0026 ppm | 0.0007 ppm | 4.5 吨 | ||
铑 | Rh | 0.0002 ppm | 0.0007 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 3 吨 | ||
锇 | Os | 0.0001 ppm | 0.0018 ppm | 0.0015 ppm | 0.06 吨 | ||
铱 | Ir | 0.0000003 ppm | 0.0004 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 3 吨 |
元素 | 化学符号 | 数据源1 | 数据源2 | 数据源3 | 数据源4 | 数据源5 | 年产量 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
氧 | O | 46.60% | 47.40% | 46% | 46.71% | 46.1% | 100,000,000 吨 |
硅 | Si | 27.72% | 27.71% | 27% | 27.69% | 28.2% | 3,880,000 吨 |
铝 | Al | 8.13% | 8.20% | 8.2% | 8.07% | 8.23% | 15,000,000 吨 |
铁 | Fe | 5.00% | 4.10% | 6.3% | 5.05% | 5.63% | 716,000,000 吨 |
钙 | Ca | 3.63% | 4.10% | 5.0% | 3.65% | 4.15% | 112,000,000 吨 (CaO) |
钠 | Na | 2.83% | 2.30% | 2.30% | 2.75% | 2.36% | 200,000 吨 |
钾 | K | 2.59% | 2.10% | 1.50% | 2.58% | 2.09% | 200 吨 |
镁 | Mg | 2.09% | 2.30% | 2.90% | 2.08% | 2.33% | 350,000 吨 |
钛 | Ti | 0.44% | 0.56% | 0.66% | 0.62% | 0.56% | 99,000 吨 |
氢 | H | 0.14% | N/A | 0.15% | 0.14% | 0.14% | |
磷 | P | 0.12% | 1000 ppm | 1000 ppm | 1300 ppm | 1050 ppm | 153,000,000 吨 |
锰 | Mn | 0.10% | 950 ppm | 1100 ppm | 900 ppm | 950 ppm | 6,220,000 吨 |
氟 | F | 0.08% | 950 ppm | 540 ppm | 290 ppm | 585 ppm | |
钡 | Ba | 500 ppm | 340 ppm | 500 ppm | 425 ppm | 6,000,000 吨 | |
碳 | C | 0.03% | 480 ppm(0.048%) | 1800 ppm(0.18%) | 940 ppm | 200 ppm(0.020%) | 8,600,000,000 吨 |
锶 | Sr | 370 ppm | 360 ppm | 370 ppm | 137,000 吨 | ||
硫 | S | 0.05% | 260 ppm | 420 ppm | 520 ppm | 350 ppm | 54,000,000 吨 |
锆 | Zr | 190 ppm | 130 ppm | 250 ppm | 165 ppm | 7,000 吨 | |
钨 | W | 160.6 ppm | 190 ppm | 125 ppm | 45,100 吨 | ||
钒 | V | 0.01% | 160 ppm | 190 ppm | 120 ppm | 7,000 吨 | |
氯 | Cl | 0.05% | 130 ppm | 170 ppm | 450 ppm | 145 ppm | |
铬 | Cr | 0.01% | 100 ppm | 140 ppm | 350 ppm | 102 ppm | 4,000,000 吨 |
铷 | Rb | 0.03% | 90 ppm | 60 ppm | 90 ppm | 只作研究用途 | |
镍 | Ni | 80 ppm | 90 ppm | 190 ppm | 84 ppm | 1,300,000 吨 | |
锌 | Zn | 痕量 | 75 ppm | 79 ppm | 70 ppm | 5,020,000 吨 | |
铜 | Cu | 0.01% | 50 ppm | 68 ppm | 60 ppm | 6,450,000 吨 | |
铈 | Ce | 68 ppm | 60 ppm | 66.5 ppm | 24,000 吨 | ||
钕 | Nd | 38 ppm | 33 ppm | 41.5 ppm | 7,300 吨 | ||
镧 | La | 32 ppm | 34 ppm | 39 ppm | 12,500 吨 | ||
钇 | Y | 30 ppm | 29 ppm | 33 ppm | 400 吨 | ||
氮 | N | 0.005% | 25 ppm | 20 ppm | 19 ppm | 44,000,000 吨 | |
钴 | Co | 痕量 | 20 ppm | 30 ppm | 25 ppm | 17,000 吨 | |
锂 | Li | 20 ppm | 17 ppm | 20 ppm | 39,000 吨 | ||
铌 | Nb | 20 ppm | 17 ppm | 20 ppm | 15,000 吨 | ||
镓 | Ga | 18 ppm | 19 ppm | 19 ppm | 30 吨 | ||
钪 | Sc | 16 ppm | 26 ppm | 22 ppm | 0.50 吨 | ||
铅 | Pb | 14 ppm | 10 ppm | 14 ppm | 2,800,000 吨 | ||
钐 | Sm | 7.9 ppm | 6 ppm | 7,05 ppm | 700 吨 | ||
钍 | Th | 12 ppm | 6 ppm | 9.6 ppm | 31,000 吨 | ||
镨 | Pr | 9.5 ppm | 8.7 ppm | 9.2 ppm | 2400 吨 | ||
硼 | B | 痕量 | 9.50 ppm | 8.7 ppm | 10 ppm | 1,000,000 吨 | |
钆 | Gd | 7.7 ppm | 5.2 ppm | 6.2 ppm | 400 吨 | ||
镝 | Dy | 6 ppm | 6.2 ppm | 5.2 ppm | 100 吨 | ||
铪 | Hf | 5.3 ppm | 3.3 ppm | 3.0 ppm | 50 吨 | ||
铒 | Er | 3.8 ppm | 3.0 ppm | 3.5 ppm | 500 吨 | ||
镱 | Yb | 3.3 ppm | 2.8 ppm | 3.2 ppm | 50 吨 | ||
铯 | Cs | 3 ppm | 1.9 ppm | 3 ppm | 20 吨 | ||
铍 | Be | 2.6 ppm | 1.9 ppm | 2.8 ppm | 364 吨 | ||
锡 | Sn | 痕量 | 2.2 ppm | 2.2 ppm | 2.3 ppm | 165,000 吨 | |
铕 | Eu | 2.1 ppm | 1.8 ppm | 2.0 ppm | 400 吨 | ||
铀 | U | 无 | 1.8 ppm | 2.7 ppm | |||
钽 | Ta | 2 ppm | 1.7 ppm | 2.0 ppm | 840 吨 | ||
锗 | Ge | 1.8 ppm | 1.4 ppm | 1.5 ppm | 80 吨 | ||
钼 | Mo | 痕量 | 1.5 ppm | 1.1 ppm | 1.2 ppm | 80,000 吨 | |
砷 | As | 1.5 ppm | 2.1 ppm | 1.8 ppm | 47,000 吨 | ||
钬 | Ho | 1.4 ppm | 1.2 ppm | 1.3 ppm | 10 吨 | ||
铽 | Tb | 1.1 ppm | 0.94 ppm | 1.2 ppm | 10 吨 | ||
铥 | Tm | 0.48 ppm | 0.45 ppm | 0.52 ppm | 50 吨 | ||
溴 | Br | 0.37 ppm | 3 ppm | 2.4 ppm | 330,000 吨 | ||
铊 | Tl | 0.6 ppm | 0.530 ppm | 0.850 ppm | 30 吨 | ||
锑 | Sb | 0.2 ppm | 0.2 ppm | 0.2 ppm | 53,000 吨 | ||
碘 | I | 痕量 | 0.14 ppm | 0.490 ppm | 0.450 ppm | 12,000 吨 | |
镉 | Cd | 0.11 ppm | 0.15 ppm | 0.15 ppm | 13,900 吨 | ||
银 | Ag | 0.070 ppm | 0.080 ppm | 0.075 ppm | 9950 吨 | ||
汞 | Hg | 0.05 ppm | 0.067 ppm | 0.085 ppm | 8400 吨 | ||
硒 | Se | 痕量 | 0.05 ppm | 0.05 ppm | 0.05 ppm | 600 吨 | |
铟 | In | 0.049 ppm | 0.160 ppm | 0.250 ppm | 75 吨 | ||
铋 | Bi | 0.048 ppm | 0.025 ppm | 0.0085 ppm | 6000 吨 | ||
碲 | Te | 0.005 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 215 吨 | ||
铂 | Pt | 0.003 ppm | 0.037 ppm | 0.005 ppm | 30 吨 | ||
金 | Au | 0.0011 ppm | 0.0031 ppm | 0.004 ppm | 1,400 吨 | ||
钌 | Ru | 0.001 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 0.12 吨 | ||
钯 | Pd | 0.0006 ppm | 0.0063 ppm | 0.015 ppm | 24 吨 | ||
铼 | Re | 0.0004 ppm | 0.0026 ppm | 0.0007 ppm | 4.5 吨 | ||
铑 | Rh | 0.0002 ppm | 0.0007 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 3 吨 | ||
锇 | Os | 0.0001 ppm | 0.0018 ppm | 0.0015 ppm | 0.06 吨 | ||
铱 | Ir | 0.0000003 ppm | 0.0004 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 3 吨 |