瞬间性动词

有些瞬间性动词可以表示延续性词义，这时它们就可以与段时间状语连用了。例如：

I'm going away for a few days. 我要出去几天。(go away 表示travel)

I went to Paris for two weeks. 我去了巴黎两个星期。(go to表示 visit)

We go to the seaside for a week every August. 我们每年八月都要到海滨度过一个星期。(go 表示travel)

Sheleft me waiting in the rain for an hour.　她让我在雨里等了一个小时。(leave表示cause sb. / sth. to be or remain in a particular state or position，即"使某人或某物处于某一特定的状态"。)

瞬间性动词的否定形式可以表示某一状态，这时，可以与段时间状语连用。例如：

Don't get off until the bus stops. 等车停了再下车。(停车之前要处于呆在车上的状态。)

"be+瞬间性动词的过去分词"即系表结构也可以表示状态，因此也可以与段时间状语连用。例如：

They have been married for ten years. 他们结婚已经十年了。

The book has been lost for a week.那书已经丢了一周了。

当要表达瞬间性动作发生之后一段时间的概念时，可以有多种不同的表达方式。试比较：

汤姆到了三十分钟了。

方法1：Tom has been here for 30 minutes.

方法2：It's 30 minutes since Tom arrived.

方法3：Tom got here 30 minutes ago.

艾丽丝直到她妈妈回来了才睡觉。

方法1： Alice didn't go to bed until her mother came back.

方法2： Alice stayed up until her mother came back.

你们认识多长时间了？

方法1： How long have you known each other?

方法2： How long ago did you get to know each other?

方法3： How long is it since you got to know each other?

Exercises:

根据汉语完成句子。

1. 火车离开已经十五分钟了。

(1)The train ______ ______ ______ for fifteen minutes.

(2) fifteen minutes the train left.

2. 我直到夜里十二点才睡觉。

(1)I______ ______ ______ ______ until 12 at night.

(2)I______ ______ until 12 at night.

3. 他戒烟已经三个月了。

(1)______ three months______ he ______ ______ smoking.

(2)He______ ______ for three months.

4. 他爸爸去世已经三年了。

(1)His father ______ ______ ______ ______.

(2)His father______ ______ ______ for three years.

(3)______ three years______ his father______.

Key: 1. (1)has been gone (2)It's; since

2. (1)didn't go to bed (2)stayed up

3. (1)It's; since; gave up

(2)hasn't smoked

4. (1)died three years ago

(2)has been dead

(3)It's; since; died

可以用现在完成时，但不能加时间段

延续性动词: live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach,eat,drink,write, dance,sing,smoke,swim　瞬间性动词open,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start enter,finish,admit,join

表示不能延续的动作，即动作发生后立即结束。如：begin,arrive,borrow,buy,break,close, come,fall,dic,finish,go,leave,lend,marry,reach,receive,open,sell,start,stop等。终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的，所以不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语连用，因为否定本身就是可以延续的。　如：have a cold是持续性动词，表示“状态”，可与表延续性的时间状语连用，不定冠词不能省略。　I′ve had a cold since my arrival（到达 n.）.　I didn′t go to school because I had had a bad cold for days.　catch a cold是短暂性动作，表“动态”：它不能和延续性时间状语连用，不定冠词“a”可有可无，catch可用take,get代替。　Put on your coat,or you′ll catch/take/get a cold.　Take care not to get cold.　但是，若cold前有形容词修饰时，则不定冠词不能省。　如：Brown has taken a slight cold.　注意下列句子：　I have caught a cold for over a week.(×)　I have had a cold for over a week.(?)

表示可以延续一段时间的动作或状态。如：be,drink,fly,eat,keep,lie,live,rain等。延续性动词常不能和表示一个短暂具体的时间状语连用；这类动词如用于进行时态，则可以和表示一个短暂具体的时刻连用。　He worked at eight yesterday afternoon.(×)　He was working at eight yesterday afternoon.(?)

代替终止性动词的方法

a)　用延续性动词代替终止性动词1、用have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 　2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 　3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 　4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 　5、用wear代替put on b)　用“be+形容词”代终止性动词 　1、be+married代marry 　2、be+ill代fall (get) ill 　3、be+dead代die 　4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep 　5、be+awake代wake/wake up 　6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave 　7、be+open代open 　8、be closed代close/shut 　9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose c)　用“be+副词”代终止性动词 　1“be+on”代start,begin 　2“be+up”代get up 　3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 　4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)　用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词 　1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 　2.用be in the army 代替join the army 　3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to somewhere