物联网技术概论

物联网是国家新兴战略产业中信息产业发展的核心领域，将在国民经济发展中发挥重要作用。目前，物联网是全球研究的热点问题，国内外都把它的发展提到了国家级的战略高度，称之为继计算机、互联网之后世界信息产业的第三次浪潮。新技术发展需要大批专业技术人才。为适应国家战略性新兴产业发展的需要，加大信息网络高级专门人才的培养力度，许多高职院校利用已有的基础和教学条件，设置物联网相关技术专业，或修订人才培养计划，推进课程体系、教学内容、教学方法的改革和创新，以满足新兴产业发展对物联网技术人才的迫切需求。为适应电气信息类相关专业的教学需要，编者编写了这本书。

物联网是通过各种信息传感设备及系统（传感网、射频识别系统、红外感应器、激光扫描器等）、条码与二维码、全球定位系统，按约定的通信协议，将物与物、人与物联接起来，通过各种接入网、互联网进行信息交换，以实现智能化识别、定位、跟踪、监控和管理的一种信息网络。物联网的主要特征是每一个物件都可以寻址，每一个物件都可以控制，每一个物件都可以通信。显然，它作为“感知、传输、应用”3项技术相结合的一种产物，是一种全新的信息获取和处理技术。因此，本书将紧紧围绕物联网中技术架构物联网技术的知识体系，分为物联网概述、感知技术、通信技术、物联网应用技术及安全共6章内容。

虽然本书的出发点是一种概括性的导论，但并不希望因此而使读者远离物联网前沿问题的深入研究和全面学习。鉴于这一考虑，本书对每类问题的讨论都试图达到一定的深度和广度，并在章末附有简明扼要的小结以及一定数量的习题。这些学习建议旨在为读者进一步开阔视野提供一些帮助，习题与章节内容密切相关，以帮助读者巩固和复习有关概念。

本书在编写过程中得到了相关领导、老师、同学的支持和帮助。在此，向所有为本书的出版做出贡献的人们表示衷心感谢！

鉴于编者水平有限，书中难免存在疏漏和不足，恳请广大读者批评指正。

编者

目 录

出版说明

前言

第1章 物联网概述··················································································1

1.1 物联网相关的概念·········································································1

1.1.1 物联网······································································································1

1.1.2 无线传感器网络·························································································· 3

1.1.3 泛在网络···································································································4

1.1.4 物联网、传感网与泛在网之间的关系·······························································4

1.2 物联网的特点与发展························································································ 5

1.2.1 物联网的特点·····························································································5

1.2.2 物联网的发展·····························································································5

1.3 物联网体系架构············································································7

1.3.1 感知层······································································································8

1.3.2 网络层······································································································8

1.3.3 应用层······································································································9

1.4 物联网的技术体系框架···················································································· 9

1.4.1 感知层技术································································································9

1.4.2 网络层技术·······························································································11

1.4.3 应用层技术·······························································································12

1.5 物联网标准化·············································································14

1.5.1 国际物联网标准制定现状············································································ 14

1.5.2 我国物联网标准制定现状············································································ 17

1.6 本章小结···················································································18

1.7 习题························································································18

第2章 感知技术····················································································19

2.1 嵌入式系统················································································19

2.1.1 嵌入式系统的概念····················································································· 19

2.1.2 嵌入式系统的组成····················································································· 21

2.1.3 嵌入式系统的应用····················································································· 27

2.2 传感器技术················································································28

2.2.1 传感器的概念····························································································28

2.2.2 传感器的组成····························································································29

2.2.3 传感器的分类····························································································30

2.2.4 常用传感器·······························································································31

2.3 无线传感器网络··········································································41

2.3.1无线传感器网络的发展··············································································· 41

2.3.2 无线传感器网络的结构··············································································· 42

2.3.3 无线传感器网络的特点··············································································· 46

2.3.4 无线传感器网络的应用··············································································· 46

2.4RFID系统·················································································50

2.4.1 RFID系统的组成······················································································· 50

2.4.2 RFID系统的工作原理················································································· 54

2.4.3 RFID系统的分类······················································································· 58

2.4.4 RFID系统的应用······················································································· 61

2.5 条形码技术················································································63

2.5.1 一维条形码·······························································································63

2.5.2 二维条形码·······························································································65

2.6 本章小结···················································································67

2.7 习题························································································68

第3章 通信技术····················································································69

3.1 数字通信···················································································69

3.1.1 数字通信概述····························································································69

3.1.2 数据链路传输控制规程··············································································· 77

3.1.3 数据传输··································································································81

3.1.4 数据交换技术····························································································82

3.1.5 数据通信网·······························································································90

3.2 移动通信···················································································94

3.2.1 移动通信概述····························································································94

3.2.2 GSM全球移动通信系统·············································································· 97

3.2.3 CDMA 移动通信系统··············································································· 106

3.3 短距离无线通信·········································································112

3.3.1 蓝牙技术································································································112

3.3.2 ZigBee无线接入技术················································································ 121

3.3.3 超宽带···································································································125

3.4 本章小结·················································································129

3.5 习题·······················································································130

第4章 应用技术··················································································131

4.1 物联网中间件············································································131

4.1.1 中间件的概述··························································································131

4.1.2RFID中间件定义·····················································································133

4.1.3 典型的RFID中间件模型···········································································134

4.2 云计算····················································································135

4.2.1 云计算的概念··························································································135

4.2.2 云计算的架构··························································································136

4.2.3 云计算的关键技术···················································································· 137

4.2.4 典型云计算平台介绍················································································· 139

4.2.5 云计算主要服务形式················································································· 143

4.3 M2M······················································································144

4.3.1 M2M概述······························································································144

4.3.2 M2M系统架构························································································145

4.3.3 M2M支撑技术························································································146

4.3.4 M2M业务应用························································································147

4.3.5 M2M发展现状························································································148

4.4 本章小结·················································································151

4.5 习题·······················································································151

第5章 物联网应用···············································································153

5.1 智能电网·················································································153

5.1.1 智能电网概述··························································································153

5.1.2 物联网在智能电网中应用的基本架构····························································154

5.1.3 物联网在智能电网中的应用模型··································································155

5.2 智能交通系统············································································157

5.2.1 智能交通系统概述···················································································· 157

5.2.2 智能交通系统服务领域架构········································································158

5.2.3 ITS中6项重要的关键技术·········································································158

5.3 智能家居·················································································163

5.3.1 智能家居概述··························································································163

5.3.2智能家居系统体系结构·············································································· 164

5.3.3 智能家居系统主要模块设计········································································165

5.3.4 远程医疗系统设计···················································································· 168

5.4 智能物流·················································································169

5.4.1 智能物流概述··························································································169

5.4.2 智能物流系统案例——物流园区供应链管理平台············································· 170

5.4.3 智能物流系统案例——商业卷烟物流配送中心物联网总体架构···························173

5.5 本章小结·················································································174

5.6 习题·······················································································175

第6章 物联网安全···············································································176

6.1 信息安全·················································································176

6.1.1 信息安全的基本概念················································································· 176

6.1.2 信息安全的分类·······················································································177

6.2 无线传感器网络安全···································································180

6.2.1 传感器网络的安全机制·············································································· 180

6.2.2 传感器网络的安全分析·············································································· 181

6.3 RFID安全················································································182

6.3.1 RFID的安全和隐私问题············································································ 183

6.3.2 RFID安全解决方案·················································································· 186

6.4 物联网安全体系·········································································188

6.4.1 物联网的安全层次模型及体系结构·······························································188

6.4.2 感知层安全·····························································································189

6.4.3 网络层安全·····························································································190

6.4.4 应用层安全·····························································································191

6.4.5 物联网安全的非技术因素···········································································192

6.5 本章小结·················································································192

6.6 习题·······················································································193

参考文献·····························································································194