冰川物理学

中文名: 冰川物理学

原名: The Physics of Glaciers

作者: Cuffey Paterson

图书分类: 科技

版本: 第4版

出版社: Academic Press

书号: 978-0-12-369461-4

发行时间: 2010年

地区: 美国

语言: 英文

Preface to Fourth Edition ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. . xi

Preface to First Edition .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. xii

Chapter 1 Introduction. .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. . 1

1.1 Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .1

1.2 History and Perspective ..................................2

1.3 Organization of the Book .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...6

Further Reading. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .9

Chapter 2 Transformation of Snow to Ice .. ... .. ... ..11

2.1 Introduction ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. . 11

2.2 Snow, Firn, and Ice . .... .. .. .. .... .. .. . 11

2.2.1 Density of Ice . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 12

2.3 Zones in a Glacier .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. . 13

2.3.1 Distribution of Zones ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. . 15

2.4 Variation of Density with Depth in Firn . .. .. .. .... .. .. .. . 16

2.5 Snow to Ice Transformation in a Dry-snow Zone .................................. 19

2.5.1 Processes ................................................................... 19

2.5.2 Models of Density Profiles in Dry Firn .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 22

2.5.3 Reduction of Gas Mobility ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 25

2.6 Hoar Layers . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 26

2.7 Transformation When Meltwater Is Present. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 27

Further Reading. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 28

Chapter 3 Grain-Scale Structures and Deformation of Ice .. .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ..29

3.1 Introduction ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 29

3.2 Properties of a Single Ice Crystal ................................................... 30

3.2.1 Structure .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 30

3.2.2 Deformation of a Single Crystal .......................................... 32

3.3 Polycrystalline Ice: Grain-scale Forms and Processes . . .. .. .. .. .. . 33

3.3.1 Orientation Fabrics: Brief Description ................................... 33

3.3.2 Impurities and Bubbles ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 33

3.3.3 Texture and Recrystallization ............................................. 35

3.3.4 Formation of C-axis Orientation Fabrics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 43

3.3.5 Mechanisms of Polycrystalline Deformation . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 48

3.4 Bulk Creep Properties of Polycrystalline Ice. . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 51

3.4.1 Strain Rate and Incompressibility . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. . 51

3.4.2 Deviatoric Stress........................................................... 52

3.4.3 Bench-top Experiments: The Three Phases of Creep . ................... 52

3.4.4 Isotropic Creep Behavior. ................................................. 54

3.4.5 Controls on Creep ParameterA........................................... 64