分词

一般式doing

一般被动式 done

完成式having done

完成被动式having been done

所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not,过去分词done

作状语

分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。

分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。.当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,当所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。完成或被动关系用过去分词。

（1）现在分词The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking.

（2）过去分词Accompaniedby his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.

"while ( when, once, until, if , though等从属连词)+分词"结构

现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等从属连词。

Whenleavingthe airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……

Oncerecovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.

Althoughworkingvery hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.

作定语

分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语作定语，置于被修饰词的后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。

• We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get theaddedfund.
• This is really anexhaustingday to all of us!
• We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
• After a nightspentin excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
• More and moredevelopingcountries established strategic partnership with developed countries

作宾语补足语

现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及使役动词have后面，与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分，有三种形式，即动词原形，现在分词和过去分词。

动词原形表主动和完成，现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成。

作表语

分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。

例：The situation isencouraging.

The theory sounds quiteconvincing.

做表语

• He was veryamusing.
• That book was ratherboring.

很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：

exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.

作定语

上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语, 修饰一个名词：

• That must have been aterrifyingexperience.
• I found him acharmingperson.

现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句：

• There are a few boysswimmingin the river.
• There is a carwaitingoutside.

作状语

现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作：

• FollowingTom, we started to climb the mountain.
• Openingthe drawer, he took out a box.
• Takinga key out of his pocket, he opened the door.

现在分词短语还可以表示原因, 相当于一个原因状语从句：

• Notknowingher address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
• Beingunemployed,he hasn’t got much money.

现在分词短语还可以表示时间, 相当于一个时间状语从句：

• Hearingthe news, they all jumped with joy.
• Returninghome, he began to do his homework.
• Jim hurt his arm whileplayingtennis.
• Be careful whencrossingthe road.
• Havingfounda hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
• Having finishedher work, she went home.

作宾补

现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语：

例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.

• I see himpassingmy house every day.
• I caught himstealingthings in that shop.
• I smelt somethingburning.
• She kept himworkingall day.

作表语

• We were soboredthat we couldn’t help yawning.
• She feltconfused,and even frightened.
• They were verypleasedwith the girl.
• I’msatisfiedwith your answer.
• He is notinterestedin research.

作定语

• She has apleasedlook on her face.
• The teacher gave us asatisfiedsmile.
• cooked food
• a written report
• fried eggs
• boiled water
• frozen food
• armed forces
• required courses
• fallen leaves
• finished products
• a forced smile
• the risen sun
• new arrived visitors
• What’s the languagespokenin that country?
• They're problems left by the history
• The playput onby the teachers was a big success.
• Is there anybodyinjured?
• Do you know the number of booksordered?

作状语

• Seenfrom the hill, the city looks magnificent.
• Givengood health, I hope to finish the work this year.
• They came in,followedby some children.
• Depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
• Whentreatedwith kindness, he was very amiable.

作宾补

过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语， 接在某些动词后面

• I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
• When they get back home, they found the room robbed.

（ ） 1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go.
A. Having compared B. To compare C. Compared D. Compare

（ ） 2. The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________ .
A. playing, exciting B. played, excited C. playing, excited D. played, exciting

（ ） 3. __________ against the coming hurricane, they didn't dare leave home.
A. Warned B. Having warned C. To warn D. Warn

（ ） 4. In __________ countries, you can’t always make yourself _______ by speaking English.
A. English-speaking, understand B. English-spoken, understand
C. English-speaking, understood D. English-spoken, understood

（ ）5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad cold.
A. examining, should catch B. examined, had caught
C. examining, had caught D. examined, catch

（ ） 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it.
A. Be a good swimmer B. Being a good swimmer
C. Having been good swimmer D. To be a good swimmer

（ ） 7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary.
A. Having not known B. Not to know C. Don’t know D. Not knowing

（ ） 8. As his parent, you shouldn’t have your child ___________ such a book.
A. read B. to read C. reading D. be reading

（ ） 9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill.
A. heard B. having been heard C. having phoned D. having been phoned

答案:

1. C； 2. D； 3. A； 4. C； 5. C； 6. B； 7. D； 8. A； 9. D