无水乙醇

外观与性状：无色液体，具有特殊香味。

熔点(℃)：-114.1

相对密度（水=1）：0.79

沸点(℃)：78.3

相对蒸气密度（空气=1）：1.59

挥发性：易挥发

折射率：1.3611（20℃）

无水乙醇性质：纯度高达99.5%的乙醇(纯度达100%的乙醇称为绝对乙醇）

分子式：C₂H₆O

分子量：46.07

饱和蒸气压(kPa)：5.33(19℃)

燃烧热(kJ/mol)：1365.5

临界温度(℃)：243.1

临界压力(MPa)：6.38

辛醇/水分配系数的对数值：0.32

闪点(℃)：12

爆炸上限%(V/V)：19.0

引燃温度(℃)：363

爆炸下限%(V/V)：3.3

溶解性：与水以任意比互溶，可混溶于醚、氯仿、甘油等多数有机溶剂^[3]

1. 消去反应无水乙醇在浓硫酸条件下迅速加热升至170℃，生成乙烯，浓硫酸作为脱水剂、催化剂。
2. 取代反应无水乙醇与氢溴酸在加热条件下反应，生成溴乙烷和水。
3. 分子间脱水无水乙醇在浓硫酸条件下加热至140℃，生成乙醚和水。
4. 酯化反应无水乙醇与羧酸在浓硫酸存在下加热，可生成对应的酯类化合物。
5. 与金属钠反应无水乙醇与金属钠反应，生成乙醇钠和氢气。
6. 与强氧化剂反应乙醇与酸性高锰酸钾溶液或酸性重铬酸钾溶液反应，可被氧化为乙酸。

红外光谱图

^[4]

最右峰代表相对分子质量

质谱图

乙醇是重要的有机溶剂，广泛用于医药、涂料、卫生用品、化妆品、油脂等各个方面，占乙醇总耗量的50%左右。乙醇是重要的基本化工原料，用于制造乙醛、乙二烯、乙胺、乙酸乙酯、乙酸、氯乙烷等等，并衍生出医药、染料、涂料、香料、合成橡胶、洗涤剂、农药等产品的许多中间体，其制品多达300种以上，乙醇作为化工产品中间体的用途正在逐步下降，许多产品例如乙醛、乙酸、乙基乙醇已不再采用乙醇作原料而用其他原料代替。75%的乙醇水溶液具有强杀菌能力，是常用的消毒剂。经过专门精制的乙醇也可用于制造饮料。与甲醇类似，乙醇可作能源使用。有的国家已开始单独用乙醇作汽车燃料或掺到汽油（10%以上）中使用以节约汽油。

健康危害：该品为中枢神经系统抑制剂。首先引起兴奋，随后抑制。急性中毒：急性中毒多发生于口服。一般可分为兴奋、催眠、麻醉、窒息四阶段。患者进入第三或第四阶段，出现意识丧失、瞳孔扩大、呼吸不规律、休克、心力循环衰竭及呼吸停止。慢性影响：在生产中长期接触高浓度该品可引起鼻、眼、粘膜刺激症状，以及头痛、头晕、疲乏、易激动、震颤、恶心等。长期酗酒可引起多发性神经病、慢性胃炎、脂肪肝、肝硬化、心肌损害及器质性精神病等。皮肤长期接触可引起干燥、脱屑、皲裂和皮炎。

燃爆危险：该品易燃，具刺激性。^[3]

皮肤接触：脱去污染的衣着，用流动清水冲洗。

眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。

吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。就医。

食入：饮足量温水，催吐。就医。^[3]

危险特性：易燃，其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物，遇明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸。与氧化剂接触发生化学反应或引起燃烧。在火场中，受热的容器有爆炸危险。其蒸气比空气重，能在较低处扩散到相当远的地方，遇火源会着火回燃。

灭火方法：尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。喷水保持火场容器冷却，直至灭火结束。

灭火剂：抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。^[3]

应急处理：迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防静电工作服。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。

小量泄漏：用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗，洗水稀释后放入废水系统。

大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖，降低蒸气灾害。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。^[3]

操作处置与储存

操作注意事项：密闭操作，全面通风。操作人员必须经过专门培训，严格遵守操作规程。建议操作人员佩戴过滤式防毒面具（半面罩），穿防静电工作服。远离火种、热源，工作场所严禁吸烟。使用防爆型的通风系统和设备。防止蒸气泄漏到工作场所空气中。避免与氧化剂、酸类、碱金属、胺类接触。灌装时应控制流速，且有接地装置，防止静电积聚。配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。倒空的容器可能残留有害物。

储存注意事项：储存于阴凉、通风的库房。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过30℃。保持容器密封。应与氧化剂、酸类、碱金属、胺类等分开存放，切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。^[3]

1. 行为毒性general anesthetic
2. 心脏毒性Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction)
3. 肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

3急性毒性口服人类——女性1200 mg/kg/3H

1. 内分泌毒性Endocrine - changess in gonadotropins
2. 内分泌毒性——其他变化
3. 血液毒性——其他变化

4急性毒性口服人类——男性3371 μL/kg

1. 行为毒性altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex)
2. 行为毒性excitement
3. 行为毒性coma

5急性毒性口服人类——儿童2 mg/kg

1. 肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
2. 肝毒性Liver - fatty liver degeneration
3. 血液毒性——其他变化

6急性毒性口服人类——儿童14400 mg/kg/30M-I

1. 行为毒性coma
2. 肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
3. 胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting

7急性毒性口服人类——男性700 mg/kg

1. 行为毒性changes in psychophysiological tests

8急性毒性口服人类1400 mg/kg

1. 行为毒性sleep
2. 行为毒性headache
3. 胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting

9急性毒性口服人类——男性50 mg/kg

1. 胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - alteration in gastric secretion
2. 胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - other changes

10急性毒性口服人类——男性1430 μg/kg

1. 行为毒性changes in motor activity (specific assay)
2. 行为毒性ataxia
3. 行为毒性antipsychotic

11急性毒性口服人类——女性256 mg/kg/12W

1. 行为毒性hallucinations, distorted perceptions
2. 内分泌毒性Endocrine - effect on menstrual cycle

12急性毒性皮下人类——婴儿19440 mg/kg

1. 行为毒性convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
2. 行为毒性coma
3. 营养和代谢系统毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease

13急性毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠7060 mg/kg

1. 肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes

14急性毒性吸入啮齿动物——大鼠20000 ppm/10H详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值15急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠3600 μg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值16急性毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠1440 mg/kg

1. 肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

17急性毒性动脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠11 mg/kg

1. 肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - chronic pulmonary edema
2. 肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

18急性毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠3450 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值19急性毒性吸入啮齿动物——小鼠39 gm/m³/4H详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值20急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠528 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值21急性毒性皮下啮齿动物——小鼠8285 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值22急性毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——小鼠1973 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值23急性毒性口服哺乳动物——狗5500 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值24急性毒性腹腔注射哺乳动物——狗3 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值25急性毒性皮下哺乳动物——狗6 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值26急性毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——狗1600 mg/kg

1. 行为毒性ataxia
2. 肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
3. 胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

27急性毒性口服哺乳动物——猫6 mg/kg

1. 胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - gastritis
2. 肝毒性Liver - hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse
3. 肾、输尿管和膀胱毒性Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - interstitial nephritis

28急性毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——猫3945 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值29急性毒性口服啮齿动物——兔6300 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值30急性毒性皮试啮齿动物——兔20 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值31急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——兔963 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值32急性毒性皮下啮齿动物——兔20 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值33急性毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——兔2374 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值34急性毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠5560 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值35急性毒性吸入啮齿动物——豚鼠21900 ppm详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值36急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——豚鼠3414 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值37急性毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——仓鼠5068 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值38急性毒性皮下鸟类——鸽子5 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值39急性毒性皮下鸟类——鸡5 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值40急性毒性静脉注射鸟类——鸡8216 mg/kg

1. 血管毒性Vascular - other changes

41急性毒性皮下两栖动物——蛙7100 mg/kg详细的毒性作用没有报告其他致死量值42急性毒性胃肠外两栖动物——蛙36 mg/kg

1. 周围神经毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic paralysis with or without sensory change
2. 行为毒性somnolence (general depressed activity)

43急性毒性腹腔注射哺乳动物——未报告4300 mg/kg

1. 行为毒性somnolence (general depressed activity)
2. 行为毒性convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
3. 行为毒性changes in motor activity (specific assay)

44多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠1825 mg/kg/1Y-C

1. 肝毒性Liver - fatty liver degeneration
2. 肝毒性Liver - changes in liver weight
3. 营养和代谢系统毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

45多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠19 mg/kg/21D-C

1. 生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)

46多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠280 mg/kg/5W-I

1. 心脏毒性Cardiac - changes in heart weight
2. 血液毒性Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
3. 慢性病相关毒性Related to Chronic Data - changes in testicular weight

47多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠851 mg/kg/10W-C

1. 生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)
2. 生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - dehydrogenases

48多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠7 mL/kg/7D-I

1. 肝毒性Liver - other changes
2. 生化毒性Biochemical - Effect on specific coenzyme - B vitamins including folate

49多次剂量口服啮齿动物——大鼠6300 mg/kg/9W-I

1. 肝毒性Liver - other changes
2. 肝毒性Liver - changes in liver weight
3. 生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - other transferases

50多次剂量口服哺乳动物——狗560 mL/kg/10W-C

1. 大脑毒性Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes
2. 心脏毒性Cardiac - other changes
3. 肝毒性Liver - other changes

51多次剂量口服灵长目动物——猴210 mg/kg/5W-I

1. 肝毒性Liver - fatty liver degeneration

52眼毒性皮试啮齿动物——兔400 mg

1. Mild

53眼毒性皮试啮齿动物——兔20 mg/24H

1. Moderate

54眼毒性入眼啮齿动物——兔500 mg

1. Severe

55眼毒性入眼啮齿动物——兔500 mg/24H

1. Mild

56眼毒性入眼啮齿动物——兔100 mg/4S

1. Moderate

57突变毒性细菌——鼠伤寒沙门氏菌11 pph58突变毒性细菌—— 大肠杆菌140 gm/L59突变毒性细菌——大肠杆菌5 mg/well60突变毒性口服昆虫——果蝇10 pph61突变毒性酵母菌——酿酒酵母24 pph62突变毒性酵母菌——酿酒酵母850 mmol/L63突变毒性Mold -构巢曲霉20 pph64突变毒性Mold -构巢曲霉5 pph65突变毒性Mold -构巢曲霉30 gm/L66突变毒性昆虫——蝗虫500 mmol/L67突变毒性人淋巴细胞220 mmol/L68突变毒性人淋巴细胞1160 gm/L69突变毒性人成纤维细胞12000 ppm70突变毒性人的白细胞1 pph/72H (Continuous)71突变毒性人淋巴细胞500 ppm/72H (Continuous)72突变毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg73突变毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠250 mg/kg/16D (Continuous)74突变毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠3 mg/kg75突变毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠2 mg/kg76突变毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠1240 mg/kg/2D77突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠40 mg/kg78突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠420 mg/kg/3W79突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠5 mg/kg80突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠3720 mg/kg/3D81突变毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠1500 mg/kg/50D82突变毒性啮齿动物——仓鼠卵巢100 ppm83突变毒性啮齿动物——仓鼠胚胎1 pph84突变毒性啮齿动物——仓鼠卵巢160 mmol/L85突变毒性啮齿动物——仓鼠卵巢3900 mg/L86突变毒性哺乳动物——狗淋巴细胞400 umol/L87Tumorigenic口服啮齿动物——小鼠320 mg/kg/50W-I

1. 致癌性Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
2. 肝毒性Liver - tumors
3. 血液毒性Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease

88Tumorigenic啮齿动物——小鼠120 mg/kg/18W-I

1. 致癌性Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
2. 胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - tumors
3. 肝毒性Liver - tumors

89Tumorigenic口服啮齿动物——小鼠400 mg/kg/57W-I

1. 致癌性Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria
2. 胃肠道毒性Gastrointestinal - tumors

90生殖毒性口服人类——女性41 mg/kg,female 41 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - Apgar score (human only)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other neonatal measures or effects
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - drug dependence

91生殖毒性口服人类——女性250 mg/kg,female 37 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo

92生殖毒性静脉注射人类——女性8 mg/kg,female 32 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - Apgar score (human only)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other neonatal measures or effects

93生殖毒性子宫人类——女性200 mg/kg,female 5 day(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)

94生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠78 mg/kg,female 7～19 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic

95生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg,female 13 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material)

96生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠322 mg/kg,male 35 day(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct

97生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠12 mg/kg,female 9～12 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

98生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠132 mg/kg,female 1～22 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

99生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠24 mg/kg,female 14～16 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities

100生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠354 mg/kg,lactating female 10 day(s) post-birth

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic

101生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg,female 6～15 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system

102生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠35295 mg/kg,female 1～15 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - pre-implantation mortality (e.g. reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

103生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——大鼠44 mg/kg,female 7～17 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system

104生殖毒性吸入啮齿动物——大鼠20000 ppm/7H,female 1～22 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities

105生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠15 mg/kg,female 8～13 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical

106生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠2240 mg/kg,female 9～12 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)

107生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠600 mg/kg,female 8～15 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

108生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠600 mg/kg,female 8～15 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

109生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠600 mg/kg,female 8～15 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

110生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——大鼠3600 mg/kg,female 7～8 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

111生殖毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg,female 6～7 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

112生殖毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠3 mg/kg,female 6～7 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

113生殖毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——大鼠4 mg/kg,female 6～7 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities

114生殖毒性入脑啮齿动物——大鼠5 mg/kg,female 1 day(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility

115生殖毒性未报告啮齿动物——大鼠60 mg/kg,female 9～14 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death

116生殖毒性睾丸啮齿动物——大鼠400 mg/kg,male 1 day(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - male fertility index (e.g. # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)

117生殖毒性子宫啮齿动物——大鼠2400 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

118生殖毒性未报告啮齿动物——大鼠642 mg/kg,female 1～21 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

119生殖毒性未报告啮齿动物——大鼠373 mg/kg,lactating female 23 day(s) post-birth

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical

120生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠162 mg/kg,female 11～19 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)

121生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠21 mg/kg,female 1～21 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

122生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠5800 mg/kg,female 7 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear

123生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠75600 mg/kg,female 5～11 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

124生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠5500 mg/kg,female 9 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

125生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——小鼠1680 mg/kg,male 70 day(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

126生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠5800 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

127生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠5800 mg/kg,female 7 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)

128生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠5622 μg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

129生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠4 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material)

130生殖毒性腹腔注射啮齿动物——小鼠4300 mg/kg,female 10 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

131生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——狗21600 mg/kg,female 1～60 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

132生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——狗260 mg/kg,female 1～62 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

133生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——狗221 mg/kg,female 1～47 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - abortion

134生殖毒性睾丸哺乳动物——狗100 mg/kg,male 1 day(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct

135生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴78 mg/kg,female 4～23 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - abortion

136生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴400 mg/kg,female 2～21 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

137生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴206 mg/kg,female 90 day(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Maternal Effects - menstrual cycle changes or disorders

138生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴32400 mg/kg,female 2～19 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)

139生殖毒性口服灵长目动物——猴43200 mg/kg,female 1～24 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - extra-embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)

140生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——兔3945 mg/kg,female 1 day(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)

141生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——兔3750 mg/kg,female 1 day(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility

142生殖毒性静脉注射啮齿动物——兔15 mg/kg,female 15～29 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - other effects to embryo

143生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——猪2648 mg/kg,female 78 week(s) pre-mating

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

144生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠90 mg/kg,female 1～68 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

145生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠240 mg/kg,female 2～61 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System

146生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠264 mg/kg,female 2～67 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
3. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical

147生殖毒性口服啮齿动物——豚鼠72 mg/kg,female 45～62 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)

148生殖毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——非野生动物94 mg/kg,female 14～21 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

149生殖毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——非野生动物40 mg/kg,female 14～17 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
2. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic

150生殖毒性静脉注射哺乳动物——非野生动物1 mg/kg,female 18 week(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - respiratory system

151生殖毒性口服哺乳动物——未报告31500 mg/kg,female 15～35 day(s) after conception

1. 生殖毒性Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)

20世纪30年代以前，发酵法是乙醇的唯一工业生产方法。随着石油化工的迅速发展，合成法乙醇的产量越来越大。但合成法乙醇中夹杂的异构高碳醇，对人的高级神经中枢的麻痹作用，不适宜用作饮料、食品、医药及香料等。因此，即使在石油化工发达的国家，发酵法乙醇仍然占有一定的比例。

【发酵法】

将富含淀粉的农产品如谷类、薯类等或野生植物果实经水洗、粉碎后，进行加压蒸煮，使淀粉糊化，再加入适量的水，冷却至60℃左右加入淀粉酶，使淀粉依次水解为麦芽糖和葡萄糖。然后加入酶母菌进行发酵制得乙醇。

【水合法】

以乙烯和水为原料，通过加成反应制取。水合法分为间接水合法和直接水合法两种。间接水合法也称硫酸酯法，反应分两步进行。先把95～98%的硫酸和50～60%的乙烯按2:1（重量比）在塔式反应器吸收反应，60～80℃、0.78～1.96MPa条件下生成硫酸酯。第二步是将硫酸酯在水解塔中，于80～100℃、0.2～0.29MPa压力下水解而得乙醇，同时生成副产物乙醚。烯直接与水反应生成乙醇。直接水合法即一步法。由乙烯和水在磷酸催化剂存在下高温加压水合制得。本法流程简单、腐蚀性小，不需特殊钢材，副产乙醚量少，但要求乙烯纯度高，耗电量大。无论用发酵法或乙烯水合法，制得的乙醇通常都是乙醇和水的共沸物，即浓度为95%的工业乙醇。